使用 Kotlin 和 Jetpack Compose 开发 Wear OS 应用的完整指南

环境配置与项目搭建

1. Gradle 依赖配置

// build.gradle (Module)
android {buildFeatures {compose true}composeOptions {kotlinCompilerExtensionVersion "1.5.3"}
}dependencies {def wear_compose_version = "1.2.0"implementation "androidx.wear.compose:compose-material:$wear_compose_version"implementation "androidx.wear.compose:compose-foundation:$wear_compose_version"implementation "androidx.wear.compose:compose-navigation:$wear_compose_version"implementation "androidx.activity:activity-compose:1.8.0"// 添加健康服务支持implementation "androidx.health:health-services-client:1.0.0-beta02"
}

核心组件深度解析

1. 自适应布局容器

@Composable
fun HealthDataScreen() {val scrollState = rememberScalingLazyListState()ScalingLazyColumn(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize().background(MaterialTheme.colors.background),state = scrollState,anchorType = ScalingLazyListAnchorType.ItemStart) {item { Header(modifier = Modifier.padding(8.dp),text = "健康数据监测") }items(healthItems) { item ->HealthChip(item = item,onItemClick = { navigateToDetail(item.id) })}item {Spacer(modifier = Modifier.height(16.dp))CircularProgressIndicator(modifier = Modifier.size(24.dp).align(Alignment.CenterHorizontally))}}TimeText(modifier = Modifier.scrollAway(scrollState),timeSource = TimeTextDefaults.timeSource(timeFormat = "HH:mm",timeZone = TimeZone.currentSystemDefault()))
}@Composable
fun HealthChip(item: HealthItem, onItemClick: () -> Unit) {Chip(modifier = Modifier.padding(4.dp),onClick = onItemClick,colors = ChipDefaults.chipColors(backgroundColor = MaterialTheme.colors.surface,contentColor = MaterialTheme.colors.onSurface),border = ChipDefaults.chipBorder(borderWidth = 1.dp,borderColor = MaterialTheme.colors.outline),label = {Text(text = item.title,style = MaterialTheme.typography.body2)},icon = {Icon(imageVector = item.icon,contentDescription = null,modifier = Modifier.size(24.dp)})
}

2. 健康数据集成实现

class HealthDataManager(context: Context) {private val healthClient = HealthServices.getClient(context)private var heartRateListener: HeartRateListener? = nullsuspend fun startHeartRateMonitoring() {val request = SensorRegistrationRequest(sensorType = SensorType.HEART_RATE,reportingMode = ReportingMode.RECEIVE_IF_INACTIVE,sampleInterval = 5.seconds)try {healthClient.registerSensorListener(object : HeartRateListener {override fun onHeartRateUpdate(data: HeartRateData) {// 更新UI或存储数据Log.d("Health", "当前心率: ${data.value} BPM")}},request)} catch (e: Exception) {Log.e("Health", "传感器注册失败", e)}}fun stopMonitoring() {heartRateListener?.let {healthClient.unregisterSensorListener(it)}}
}// 在ViewModel中使用
class HealthViewModel(application: Application) : AndroidViewModel(application) {private val healthManager = HealthDataManager(application)init {viewModelScope.launch {healthManager.startHeartRateMonitoring()}}override fun onCleared() {healthManager.stopMonitoring()super.onCleared()}
}

高级导航架构

1. 分层导航实现

@Composable
fun WearApp() {val navController = rememberSwipeDismissableNavController()SwipeDismissExample(navController) {NavHost(navController = navController,startDestination = Screen.Main.route) {composable(Screen.Main.route) {MainScreen(onNavigateToDetail = { id ->navController.navigate("${Screen.Detail.route}/$id")})}composable(route = "${Screen.Detail.route}/{id}",arguments = listOf(navArgument("id") { type = NavType.IntType })) { backStackEntry ->DetailScreen(itemId = backStackEntry.arguments?.getInt("id") ?: 0,onBack = { navController.popBackStack() })}}}
}sealed class Screen(val route: String) {object Main : Screen("main")object Detail : Screen("detail")
}

设备适配策略

1. 多形态屏幕适配

@Composable
fun AdaptiveLayout() {val windowInfo = rememberWindowInfo()when (windowInfo.devicePosture) {is DevicePosture.Flat -> {// 普通模式布局StandardLayout()}is DevicePosture.HalfOpened -> {// 折叠半开模式HalfOpenLayout()}else -> {// 默认布局DefaultLayout()}}
}@Composable
fun rememberWindowInfo(): WindowInfo {val context = LocalContext.currentval windowInfo = remember {WindowInfoRepository.getOrCreate(context)}return windowInfo
}

性能优化实践

1. 智能缓存策略

@Composable
fun ComplexDataView() {val viewModel: HealthViewModel = viewModel()val dataState by viewModel.complexDataState.collectAsState()when (dataState) {is DataState.Loading -> ShowLoading()is DataState.Success -> ShowData((dataState as DataState.Success).data)is DataState.Error -> ShowError()}
}class HealthViewModel : ViewModel() {private val _complexDataState = mutableStateOf<DataState>(DataState.Loading)val complexDataState: State<DataState> = _complexDataStateinit {loadData()}private fun loadData() {viewModelScope.launch {_complexDataState.value = DataState.Loadingtry {val result = computeExpensiveData()_complexDataState.value = DataState.Success(result)} catch (e: Exception) {_complexDataState.value = DataState.Error(e.message)}}}private suspend fun computeExpensiveData(): HealthData {return withContext(Dispatchers.Default) {// 模拟复杂计算delay(1000)HealthData(...)}}
}

发布配置与优化

1. 构建配置最佳实践

android {defaultConfig {minSdk 26targetSdk 34versionCode generateVersionCode()versionName "2.1.0-wear"// Wear OS 专属配置resConfigs "en", "zh-rCN"wearAppUnbundled true}buildTypes {release {minifyEnabled trueproguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android-optimize.txt')}}compileOptions {sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_17targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_17}kotlinOptions {jvmTarget = "17"}
}def generateVersionCode() {return (new Date().format('yyyyMMddHH').toInteger())
}

关键注意事项

1. 交互设计规范

   • 保持单次交互在5秒内完成
   • 所有可点击区域 ≥ 48dp
   • 优先使用系统级手势（如右滑返回）

2. 功耗优化

   fun updateDataStrategy() {if (isAmbientMode) {// 省电模式更新间隔setUpdateInterval(60_000L) } else {setUpdateInterval(1_000L)}
   }
   

3. Always-on Display 适配

   @Composable
   fun AmbientModeAwareText(text: String) {val ambientState = ambientAware()Text(text = if (ambientState.isAmbient) simplifyText(text) else text,color = if (ambientState.isAmbient) Color.White else MaterialTheme.colors.primary,style = MaterialTheme.typography.body1)
   }
   

测试与验证

1. 性能基准测试

   @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
   class PerformanceTest {@get:Ruleval rule = createComposeRule()@Testfun testMainScreenPerformance() {rule.setContent {MainScreen()}rule.onRoot().assertNoIdleResources()rule.waitForIdle()// 测量帧率val stats = rule.frameStats()assertThat(stats.avgFps).isGreaterThan(45)}
   }
   

2. 功耗监测

   adb shell dumpsys batterystats --reset
   # 执行测试用例
   adb shell dumpsys batterystats --charged <package_name>
   

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总结与最佳实践

通过上述完整实现方案，我们构建了一个符合 Wear OS 设计规范的健壮应用。关键实践包括：

1. 分层架构设计：清晰的 ViewModel + Repository 结构
2. 响应式 UI：充分利用 Compose 的状态管理
3. 性能优先：智能数据加载策略和计算缓存
4. 设备感知：自适应不同穿戴设备形态
5. 健康数据集成：规范使用 Health Services API

建议结合最新 Wear OS 设计指南进行以下优化：

• 实现 Material You 动态主题
• 添加触觉反馈（Haptic Feedback）
• 集成 Google 健身数据平台
• 支持跨设备数据同步